Ethics in Urban Planning Essay Example for Free

Ethics in Urban Planning Essay What is the law on eminent domain all about? Eminent Domain is the power of the State over all the properties within its jurisdiction, both public and private. The purpose being to empower the State to appropriate property for public use – for new and road widening projects, bridges, military installations, public parks and even urban renewal (Larson, 2004). In case of private properties, how does eminent domain apply? Well, properties that the Government deems as vital for public use and welfare can be seized from private owners based on the provisions of the law on eminent domain. But the Constitution, particularly the Fifth Amendment, guaranties that â€Å"No person shall be †¦ deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor shall private property be taken for public use, without just compensation† (Hornberger, 2005). Is the law on eminent domain ethical? The answer is an absolute no. It may be legal but it does not hold any moral definition. It is still classified as large-scale theft that is backed up by legal parameters. We live based on the principles of morality that abhors theft. In fact, the customs and laws of all civilized societies prohibit any form of banditry. In the exercise of our individual freedom, we as a people have the right to use our property in ways we deemed fit – unless we infringe on the rights of other people (Tenney, 1995). In our democratic system, do we exercise our right of suffrage to make stealing legal? It sounds like people casting their votes simply because they wanted your property sequestered. Where do ethics apply then? What are the consequences? Basically, the law on eminent domain was enacted to provide a leeway for the government in the planning of its developmental projects. Projects include road improvement, probably runway extensions or perhaps public hospitals. Private lands are purchased by the government for this purpose, based on a fair market value and as guaranteed by the Constitution. This provision becomes necessary so that the government can proceed with development without the process of lengthy litigation. Lately however, the scenario has been altered with the law on eminent domain applied even on urban renewal. This is where the abuse of discretion engages a number of government officials, all in the guise of development. This scheme is morally repugnant though it does not end at that point because with the eminent domain as the carrot stick, this marginally reduces the purchase price of the property. What has government got to do with it (Tenney, 1995)? Remember that development plans rests solely on the hands of government, so a slight deviation on the zoning area reclassification would normally affect property values. Imagine if your property lies on a commercial zone and the government suddenly establishes it as part of an industrial zone, the real estate property value is likely to plummet due to rising environmental concerns. The consequence is you are likely to sell it at much reduced price. But this scheme is just the tip of the iceberg, as more devious schemes are in the offing. The most unforgiving plan of government involves the declaration of a specific area as suffering from urban blight. Blighted areas, for purposes of urban renewal, refers to areas that in the process of deterioration being a haven of uncontrolled vices (drug addicts, alcoholics and other scum of society) where the crime rate is really high or an area that is already rendered useless which may include vacant lands and air rights. Who will then determine if the property falls under the category of blighted areas? This will be up to the discretion of the government and most likely this is where abuse is glaringly documented, particularly in cases where the government is in cahoots with property developers. When this happens, government has the right to raze the property and sell it to developers with the intention of making it into an attractive urban development (Blight, 2001). In most instances areas that are declared â€Å"urban blights† normally conforms to urban redevelopment. Areas that suffer from these types of classifications are low-cost housing communities with correspondingly low revenues where homeowners who have been in domicile for years while paying regular amortization to secure rights to the property. In these instances, these homeowners are suddenly met with the prospects of relocation. With the area categorized as such, the real property value is extremely low that the proceeds of the sale are not even enough to pay for the downpayment for another unit in a new housing development site (Parlow, 2007). What about areas in commercial districts that have been subjected to the process of eminent domain? The owner may have lived or conducted business in the area for the past twenty years but the government has the temerity to invoke the provisions of eminent domain to take control of said property simply because the adjacent school needs a playground or perhaps a football field. Where do ethics come in or is this just plain common sense? If you are the owner of the property, will you be not in arms to stop the proceedings? Where is morality then? We trumpet the virtues of democracy to the outside world and yet in our own backyard we practice anarchy (Parlow, 2007). This will all redound to displacement of all families affected by the claws of eminent domain. Families will be evicted from their properties good if there is a ready site for relocation at least people can endure the inconvenience. But in most cases no relocation areas have been secured. Families will now be subjected to the task of searching for a new place as a consequence of eviction. What about their transportation need to and from work, school for their children and perhaps the affordable medical services that were readily available in their previous area (Blight, 2001). The final consequence maybe and I hope that this will not be met by evicted homeowners or storeowners or they could be relegated as the new scum of society, being degraded to a bunch of homeless citizens that have the potential of creating troubles for the government. The government shall have increased the problems associated with the housing needs and get the ire of the population. What then has this accomplished for the government in the end? Nothing, except perhaps that it compounds the problems of the locality (Hornberger, 2005). The law really smacks moral decadence, for how can you humanly evict families from their abodes without paying them fairly. Some may have inherited the property and as an ancestral abode, no amount would suffice in return for its sentimental value in the same way that no amount could compensate for the Statue of Liberty, being the symbol of freedom that Americans deeply treasure. How can you possibly sell an heirloom – a gift from the people of France, this is no longer a question of ethics, not even morality though it borders on bad taste and greed. What are the effects? Proponents of the measure on eminent domain will always sing the sad melody of development. Be that as it may, we can never stop development from happening because it is dictated by the social status of the locality. But can we not negotiate with property owners so they can also profit from the property they have tenuously preserved and paid for? It is more of a question of fair value for their property, an issue that is often ignored. Even for this gesture alone, the government, particularly the developers will benefit from the support and approval of the property owners. Let us not bully our neighbors by invoking the right of eminent domain, because that simply will not work. Who then does not desire physical development? When it means convenience to the inhabitants, particularly interchanges, super-highways, a modern airport terminal, a dazzling sports arena, an upbeat school campus or a modern hospital. Urban development on formerly blighted areas will be a big boost to the local trade as new shopping malls, five-star hotels, office towers and condominiums will be constructed. The local labor force will benefit as well, since hundreds or maybe thousands of jobs will be made available. It will be a shot in the arm for the local economy since development will encourage a lot of investors to take a chance on the improved infrastructure facilities. The government will likewise benefit from increased revenues and create more funds to finance the needs of local inhabitants. But most of all, this would drastically alter the locality’s image and skyline for the better. With a booming economy, the government can now plan ahead. Maybe exploit some more the bonanza that the new development concurred and build additional facilities to meet the increasing population requirements. As the citizen’s quality of life improves, new facilities will be needed, housing shortage will be felt, traffic congestion is possible as more and more cars will ply the streets and entertainment will be the call of the majority. The problems associated with crime and security will quadruple, new personnel will be added, police cars and gadgets will be required by our law enforcement agencies. There will be no stopping, once the wheel of development starts to roll. Then when everything seems to have settled and everybody is accustomed to the set-up, the arms of development will try to break the already serene environment. So the government will now invoke their right of eminent domain and the result, chaos strikes once again. It will be an unending cycle. The population will simply have to bear inconvenience and unfair treatment in the name of development. It is in the outlying implementation of eminent domain that government failed because officials can be motivated only with the expected revenues from the urban renewal project to disregard their main advocacy and moral obligation to its constituents – to promote, protect, and upheld the rights of the populace. Conclusion The moral and ethical question of the law on eminent domain had been subjected to criticisms from all sectors of society. It may be an effective tool for government to spice up development, but it oftentimes falls oppressive to many property owners. Sadly, the people’s right to their property has been trampled once again with no less than the Supreme Court of the United States stamping its approval on the right of government to invoke the provisions of eminent domain. Consider this. In 1954 the Supreme Court gave a ruling in a controversial case that â€Å"effectively gave government officials unlimited power to confiscate and redistribute lands†, arguing that â€Å"the concept of public welfare is broad and inclusive. The values it represents are spiritual as well as physical, aesthetic and monetary. It is within the power of the legislature to determine that the community should be beautiful as well as healthy, spacious as well as clean, well-balanced as well as carefully patrolled† (Tenney, 1995). The comment of the High Court was indeed a chilling premonition since this gave government officials the legal right to evict anybody from their properties when necessary and at their convenience. In effect this erased the intentions of our forefathers and the framers of the Constitution the absolute right of individuals to hold on to their properties (Tenney, 1995). Just recently, in a new and daunting case of Kelo vs. City of New London, Connecticut, the High Court upheld the previous ruling of 1954. In fact after due proceedings, a notice was posted at the door of the petitioner’s home stating that the petitioner have four months to vacate the property or else power police power will be used to prosecute the order based on the power of eminent domain (Larson, 2004). Is the ruling even fair? Is it morally correct to inflict undue suffering to the respondents? And is it ethical? The answer is no. That is why all the States of the Union are putting up legislations to curb the damning influence and abuse on the power of the law on eminent domain. How it will affect the future, your guess will be as good as mine!

Frankenstein as a Modern Cyborg? Essays -- Frankenstein essays

Frankenstein as a Modern Cyborg?      Ã‚   The creature ("demon") created by Victor Frankenstein in Mary Shelley's Frankenstein, or, The Modern Prometheus occupies a space that is neither quite masculine nor quite feminine, although he is clearly both created as a male and desires to be in the masculine role. Judith Halberstam describes this in-between-ness as being one of the primary characteristics of the Gothic monster--being in a space that's not easily classified or categorized, and therefore being rendered unintelligible and monstrous. Donna J. Haraway posits that the post-modern science fiction cyborg occupies a similar in-between space, or, perhaps, a non-space. Similarly, Cathy Griggs argues that the post-modern lesbian is linked to this notion of the cyborg. The lesbian is rendered monstrous in social discourse by her desire to ascend into the phallic privilege, connecting this in-between-ness as both a monstrous trait and a cybernetic one. Further, the transgender man (female-to-male) occupies a similar di scursive space and provides us with a post-modern link to Frankenstein's creature, as both are surgically constructed men, a construction that, in the eyes of society, renders them monstrous (particularly for trans-men who can't pass). Frankenstein's creature embodies gender transgression on two levels, both of which are the fuel for Victor's horror: the first being the creature's status as being a surgically constructed male, the second being Victor's own gender transgression in co-opting the feminine trait of reproduction, transforming his laboratory into a virtual womb. Given the scientific origin of the creature, as well as both its and Victor's unstable gender, is it possible that the modern Gothic monster pre-fi... ...th. Gender Trouble: Feminism and the Subversion of Identity. New York: Routledge, 1990. Griggers, Cathy. "Lesbian Bodies in the Age of (Post)mechanical Reproduction." Fear of a Queer Planet. Ed. Michael Warner. Minneapolis: U of Minnesota P, 1993. 178-192. Halberstam, Judith. Skin Shows: Gothic Horror and the Technology of Monsters. Second ed. Durham: Duke UP, 1995. Haraway, Donna J. "The Promises of Monsters: A Regenerative Politics for Inappropriate/d Others." Cultural Studies. Eds. Lawrence Grossberg, Cary Nelson and Paula A. Treichler. New York: Routledge, 1992. 295-337. Haraway, Donna J. Simians, Cyborgs, and Women: The Reinvention of Nature. New York: Routledge, 1991. Shelley, Mary. Frankenstein, or The Modern Prometheus. 1983 ed. New York: The Penguin Group, 1963. Zizek, Slavoj. The Sublime Object of Ideology. London: Verso, 1989.

A Comparative Look at the Japanese Healthcare System

A Comparative Look at the Japanese Healthcare Systems The Japanese health care system is one of the most efficient in the world. In fact, it is so efficient that the people of Japan have the highest life expectancy rate of any other country in the world (The Economist, 2011). Life expectancy at birth was 83 years in 2009 ; 79. 6 for males and 86. 4 years for females (Wikipedia, 2012). The Japanese government has been able to accomplish this through strict regulations and policies.Although this system has worked for the people of Japan since its institution in 1961, heir healthcare system is now facing financial ruins if changes are not implemented in the near future. It is my intent to explore why the Japanese health system has been able to function in a cost effective way and how it affects health outcomes. Japan has a universal health system called kaihoken (The Economist, 2011). Citizens are required to get insurance. Most people get it through their employers and are responsible for paying10%, 20%, or 30% of their healthcare costs depending on their family size and income.The government covers the difference (Wikipedia, 2012). If a itizen cannot get coverage through an employer then they have the option of participating in a national health insurance program that is managed by the local government (Wikipedia, 2012). Japanese citizens are free to go to any physician or healthcare facility that they want and cannot be denied treatment (Wikipedia, 2012). Because of this freedom, Japanese citizens visit the doctor four times more than the average American does in a year (Wikipedia, 2012). Japan has strict regulations on the healthcare system that allows them to keep their costs down.Japan has about the owest per capita health care costs among the advanced nations of the world, at around $2,873 (Arnquist, 2009). They are able to do this for many reasons. The first being they set a fixed price for services and medications with physicians every two years. This way there is no question about what their compensation will be (Harden, 2009). Also, administrative costs are four times lower than they are in the United States, partly because insurance companies cannot set rates for treatment or deny claims. It is against the law for them to make profits or advertise to attract low-risk, igh-profit clients (Harden, 2009).The downside to all of this is physicians in Japan are overworked and underpaid, making an average of about $125,000 by the time they are midway into their careers (The Economist, 2011). There is evidence that physicians and hospitals compensate for minimal reimbursement rates by providing more services. This is acceptable because the fee-for-service system does not limit the supply ot care comprehensively. Japan's physicians oversee almost three times as many consultations a year as their colleagues in other developed countries do. There s also a shortage of physicians within Japan, especially those who practice specialty medicine. In Japan, physicians who practice primary care makes more money than their colleagues who practice highly specialized care (Arnquist, 2009). This is the complete opposite from American doctors. Some other issues that the Japanese healthcare system faces are an aging population and an overutilization of services. As stated earlier, Japan has the highest life expectancy rate in the world. This also means that the government will have to take care of more of their citizens' medical eeds for an extended period of time. It is estimated that by 2050 two-fifths of the population will be over the age of 65 (The Economist, 2011).With an aging population and low birth rates, this puts a substantial strain on government spending. Another problem that Japan faces is an overutilization of services. By this I mean citizens are much more likely to go see a physician for minor illnesses because there are no restrictions on which they can see at any time, without proof of medical necessity and with full insurance coverage (Henke et. al. , 2009). Since everyone has access to edical care, long wait times in physician offices and overcrowding in emergency rooms are commonplace.A report has shown that more than 14,000 emergency patients were rejected at least three times by hospitals in Japan before getting treatment (Wikipedia, 2012). The average length of a hospital stay is two to three times as long in Japan as in other developed countries (Henke et. al. , 2009). In contrast, the U. S. has a lower life expectancy than Japan at 78. 7 years (CDC, 2010). This is in large part to our high obesity rates and unhealthy lifestyles. The older population, those persons aged 65 years and older, makes up about 12. % of the U. S. population (AOA, 2013).Both Japan and the U. S. have seen declines in their birthrates. But unlike Japan, Americans are less likely to seek medical care for minor ailments such as the Japanese. This is due to the fact that a large number of Americans have little to none insurance coverage. Those that do have coverage often have copays. Another vast difference between the two healthcare systems is the insurance regulations that many Americans encounter. It is not an uncommon practice for insurance companies to deny patients claims and not cover certain medical treatment.The patients are then forced to appeal the claim, pay out of pocket, or simply do without the treatment that they needed. One would think that because the Japanese have so much access to health services that their health outcomes would be above average. This is not always the case. The physician shortage means long wait times and shorter consultations. Those that have complicated medical cases often do not get the proper amount of medical attention (The Economist, 2011). The Japanese are only a quarter as likely as Americans to suffer a heart attack, but twice as likely to die if they do (The Economist, 2011).An oversaturation of hospitals also affects health outcomes. Research has shown that health outcomes are better when the centers and physicians responsible for procedures perform large quantities of them. Because Japan has so many hospitals, very few are able to achieve this (Henke et. al. , 2009). The small scale of most Japanese hospitals also means that they are inadequately equipped with intensive- care and other specialized units. Very few Japanese hospitals have oncology units. Theretore, a number ot ditterent departments in each hospi tal deliver care tor cancer Henke et. l. , 2009). In the U. S. physicians and nurse are required are certain number of Continuing Education hours every few years in order to renew their license. This helps them stay current with medical practices and sharpens their skills. In Japan, once a doctor or nurse is licensed, they are no longer required to further their education. There is no central agency oversees the quality of these physicians' training nor are there criteria for board certification in specialties (H enke et. al. , 2009). Despite some flaws, the Japanese healthcare system is able to do many hings well.For one, the Japanese system is quite proficient in chronic care, particularly due to the fact that it has so many older people. Along with appropriate medical care, Japan also provides long-term care to all older people who need it through a public insurance system that started in 2000 (Henke et. al. , 2009). In Japan, a person's income does not influence the quantity and quality of medical care that they receive. Premiums and out-of-pocket costs are minor concerns for most people, and those whom have a low-income and the elderly receive subsidies to afford care Arnquist, 2009).

Personal Statement on Why I Want to Join Pharmacy School

I have for a long time been interested in drugs and their interactions. As a child, I remember my younger brother being allergic to crustaceans. This meant that I would always go to the drugstore to purchase anti-allergy drugs which would bring him relief. His allergy resulted in severe physical symptoms like: swollen face; difficult breathing due to reactions in his respiratory tract; and rashes all over his body. It always amazed me and my brother how the medicine seemed to work like magic and this aroused my curiosity about how it worked. This inspired me to take Biology at the University. At community college, I unfortunately achieved a low GPA of 3.0 due to the difficult circumstances under which I was studying. This was because my father developed stomach cancer and had to undergo surgery. This left me to work hard and support our family; I had to work at my father’s tire shop during the week and weekends. Thankfully, my father’s condition improved and by the time I was transferring to 4th year at university, my GPA improved to 3.53. This was because he was able to come back to work, leaving me with more time to study, though I still continued to help out at the shop. I want to join pharmacy school because of the interest I cultivated in childhood. As an adult, my interest changed into passion; I am intrigued by drug discovery and design. The passion and drive which I have for pharmacy will enable me to work very hard in pharmacy school. Since January 2011, I have been working as a lab technician for a company which manufactures a variety of dietary supplements. This position requires me to test for the chemicals in the dietary supplements. Working as a lab technician has enabled me to understand the various components of the dietary supplements and their various interactions. This job has confirmed my passion for pharmacy and ignited a desire to join pharmacy school so that I can learn more and make a contribution to the great science of pharmacy. It is my great aspiration to be part of a team in developing a new drug after completing Doctor of Pharmacy. I am part of a volunteer organization called HGME in Northridge which provides support and services for children with autism. HGME operates a program which helps autistic children to adapt to society with the active support of volunteers. Each volunteer has to complete the requirements by SGPV Chapter of the American Red Cross for adult, child, and infant cardiopulmonary resuscitation, (CPR). Working with autistic children has taught me the value of patience and selfless dedication; one cannot expect great short term changes because observing changes in autistic children can take a long time. These values will be priceless as I pursue a career in pharmacy because patience and dedication are necessary in the long and grueling process of drug design. In conclusion, I believe a career in pharmacy will be a natural progression for me in my life. Since my childhood, my interest in pharmacy has been ignited and fuelled. My family experiences with my allergic brother and sick father also served to fuel my passion. My job as a lab technician cemented my burning desire to become a pharmaceutical scientist. I am eager to study hard and make significant contributions to the world of pharmacy in service to humanity. Works Cited Bureau of Labour Statistics. Pharmacists: Occupational Outlook Handbook. Web.14 June 2011. http://www.bls.gov/oco/ocos079.htm

Analysis Of The Movie Tony - 1307 Words

Bryn slid into the chair opposite Tony, slapping his hand on the table. He nodded briefly to the waitress as he settled in. Tony eyed the data crystal with mixed feelings. â€Å"That’s everything I could find on Fancher and his crew,† Bryn said without equivocation. â€Å"Pretty standard stuff; Fancher is career Fleet. Commanding officer of the Rankori for 6 years, service record reads like a Fleet novel.† Bryn sipped the coffee the waitress placed in front of him, grimacing at it before adding copious amounts of sugar. â€Å"XO is Nate Little, came outta the Academy about the time Fancher took command; third in his class.† He stirred the sugar in, then sipped it again; this time smiling in pleasure. â€Å"Anything interesting at all?† Tony asked palming the crystal. Bryn shrugged, toying with his spoon. â€Å"Not among the Bridge staff.† He said softly. â€Å"But the Rankori’s Flight Commander is something different.† His eyes dropped to the table in front of him. â€Å"How so?† Tony asked eyeing Bryn carefully. â€Å"She’s only been Fleet for three years, been Flight Commander for 2 of those three years.† Bryn’s voice lowered. â€Å"She’s got one hell of a kill record, probably the best that Fleet has to offer.† He nodded toward the data crystal in Tony’s hand. â€Å"Found this in the Fleet archives; it’s from about four months ago. You need to take a look at it, Boss.† Something in Bryn’s voice caught his full attention. He flipped open his portable reader and slid the data crystal into it. ‘Testimony ofShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of The Movie Tony 884 Words   |  4 Pages Tony The first time I met Tony we were both makeup artists on the same film. He intrigued me from the moment I saw him. 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Literary Analysis Of The Jungle - 807 Words

American novelist Upton Sinclair wrote a book we all know as The Jungle, which portrays the harsh conditions and terrible lives of immigrants in the United States. In doing so, Sinclair exposes the meat industry’s harsh working conditions, health violations, and unsanitary practices. The Jungle is one example where the communication of a message generated a profound effect on the world. The novel uses rhetorical devices, a distinct tone, and three modes of persuasion to prove the meat industry’s overall lack of sanitation. Some Americans didn’t think that the novel had a single impact on America and American lives. However, the novel brought to light the terrible, nasty conditions of the meat packing industry, creating riots throughout the†¦show more content†¦For example, he appeals to the emotions of the audience when he described the horrible working conditions. Aristotles three modes of persuasion helped Sinclair create a novel that generated a profound effect on America because it played on the emotions of the audience and made them feel like they needed to help make a change. Murray writes that, †A good piece of writing is always marked by a consistent, individual tone†, meaning if a writer doesn’t have a clear consistent tone then the message will not be received in the same way as pieces of writing with a strong consistent tone. Throughout his novel, Sinclair develops a strong, candidly grim, tone. Sinclair’s tone supported his message to change the world by giving readers the chance to understand the horrors that were happening inside the meat packing industry. Paine changed the world when he wrote Common Sense advocating the thirteen colonies’ independence from Great Britain. Rhetorical devices were one of the many techniques used to get his message across to his audience. 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Creativity andRead MoreThe Heart Of Darkness By Joseph Conrad1166 Words   |  5 Pagesof Darkness believes â€Å"[darkness] is the perfect moral term†, and it would give an impression which will connect all the stuffs up from beginning to end of the story.  He continuous that â€Å"[darkness’s] transitions from the literal gloom of the African jungle to Kurtz s gloomy horror, from the obscurity of the Intended’s drawing room to Marlow s obscure dread, from the black bank of clouds above the Thames to the heart of darkness appear almost seamless† (Levenson 278). This is the solid evidence thatRead MoreHeart of Darkness in the Light of Psychoanalytic Theories.4599 Words   |  19 Pagesfantasy or a dream that Freudian analysis comes to explain the nature of the mind that produced it. The purpose of a work of art is what psychoanalysis has found to be the purpose of the dream: the secret gratification of an infantile and forbidden wish that has been repr essed into the unconscious (Wright 765). The literal surface of a work of literature is sometimes called the manifest content and treated as manifest dream or dream story. The psychoanalytic literary critic tries to analyze theRead MoreWilliam Damon s The Death Of Honesty1102 Words   |  5 Pages William Damon’s â€Å"The Death of Honesty† presents a solemn analysis of the decline of modern virtue due to a â€Å"dysfunctional tipping point† where honesty is no longer viewed as a moral characteristic worthy of pursuing. Dishonesty is presented as both a virtue and a vice that is shaping our contemporary society. The Hoover Institution of Stanford University published Mr. Damon’s article in 2012 under the Task Force on the Virtues of a Free Society, which would provide a target audience of studentsRead MoreEssay about Heart of Darkness: Psychoanalytic Criticism4502 Words   |  19 Pagesfantasy or a dream that Freudian analysis comes to explain the nature of the mind that produced it. The purpose of a work of art is what psychoanalysis has found to be the purpose of the dream: the secret gratification of an infantile and forbidden wish that has been repressed into the unconscious (Wright 765). The literal surface of a work of literature is sometimes called the â€Å"manifest content† and treated as â€Å"manifest dream† or â€Å"dream story.† The psychoanalytic literary critic tries to analyze theRead MoreAnalysis Of Yann Martel s Life Of Pi1215 Words   |  5 Pagesthe Indian teenager Piscine Molitor Patel, exploring specifically his experience of extreme struggle and fight for survival in the middle of the Pacific Ocean. Through a range of literary techniques, Martel presents a set of complex themes such as religion, faith and survival making his work worthy of study and deep analysis. However, the understanding and perception of these concepts varies for each reader, as every person’s beliefs and personal context strongly influence this interpretation. 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GST and Insurance Taxation and Development

Question: Discuss about the GST and Insurance for Taxation and Development. Answer: Introduction: Australian taxation law principles gives a broader picture and understanding of Australian taxation system from a legal perspective. Such rules and principles make the analysis of fundamental elements of direct and indirect tax regimes of Australia. Australian taxation is regarded as incredibly complex and identified rules and principles brings much clarity to this area of law. Taxation law determines the appropriate basis of accounting and involves a substantial body of rules and principles as to amount of ordinary usage derived on each basis. There are some basic accounting principles and the board has approved a course in Australian taxation law for registering a tax agent (Morgan et al., 2016). It is essential to have completed two tertiary level unit.at the introductory level, only one level can be introduced. A new applicant is required to have completed course in Australian taxation law and have completed a course involving tax agent services act components. This also include the course of code of professional conduct (Dabner, 2015). It is necessary for the individual to complete a separate unit covering this component, if the course does not include a component in the above-mentioned act. When consulting with clients or any new member, it is necessary to determine whether the acceptance would create any threats to compliance regarding fundamental principles. When preparing tax documentation for individual, it is essential to gather client data and determining documentation preparation requirement. It is essential to have advice of qualified professionals so that they would assist in meeting regulatory requirements and reducing ongoing risks. Tax obligations of clients should be calculated in accordance with legislative and organizational requirements. Guidance and advice of from specialist is required for evaluating and moderating processes of decisions (Brown, 2017). Documentation needs to be discussed and confirmed for obtaining authorization, signature, and endorsement in order to ensure that all legislative requirements are met. In Australia, administration of taxation is governed by Australian taxation office, which is their primary source of revenue. There are various forms of taxation levied on individuals in Australia. This involves superannuation tax, corporate tax, tax on inheritance, goods and services tax, property tax, payroll tax, excise tax and income tax (Dabner, 2015). Corporate tax- Under this tax, corporates are required to pay taxes on profits earned by them. Federal government in Australia impose corporate tax at the flat rate of 30%. Corporate tax is paid prior to the distribution of profits to shareholders. Superannuation tax- Under this, taxes are charged at three points and the government levies a flat rate of 15% on superannuation funds. Employer contributes to superannuation funds and in Australia; it is regarded as pension program. Income tax- Different activities of government are funded by income tax and they are the main source of revenue generation. Income tax is levied on those individuals who falls under taxable group of people. Some of the different categories of income tax levied on individual residing in states include family tax benefit, low income tax offset and capital gain tax (Miller Oats, 2016). Excise tax- This tax is imposed by federal government on elastic goods such as alcohol, cigarette and petrol. Goods and services tax- This tax is mainly levied on individuals registered under Good and Services tax. Australian government imposes a 10% tax on supply of gods as well as services (Ato.gov.au 2017). However, there are certain transactions on which sales tax are not imposed. Some of the supplies that are exempted from paying taxes include medical services, export products, education services and food products. Property tax- State government activities is funded by some of the property taxes and this include industrial houses, residential complex and commercial complexes. Some of example includes stamp duty imposed by state on transferring of land and taxes levied on fire services. Tax on inheritance- There is no such tax called inheritance in Australia. Assets are subjected to capital gain tax in the event of acquiring assets. Business or entity needs to have procedures for capturing all the administration and obligations of tax. Risk concerning tax needs to be addressed by establishing an effective process for correcting oversights. Some of the key decision supporting tax treatment are documented at the time when they are made. Contemporaneous records of such decisions provide one of the crucial events of supporting tax treatment of major transactions (Krever Teoh, 2017). Tax records for individual documentation must be kept with written evidence from the date of lodging tax return and should be kept for five years. Records held by individual for simple tax affairs needs to be retained for two years. Some of the ethical issues that arise in tax case relates to filing year of current year return, conflict of interest between individual. It might happen that some of the report or deduction in the current year might make the individual suspicious about wrong reporting by taxpayers. Ethical issues concerning conflict interest would be solved by using engagement letter. Another ethical issue in documentation of individual taxation is bet the business issue that the chief executive officer and shareholders would like to discuss as quickly as possible (Dixon, 2016). When deriving the accessible income and the expenses relating to that are deductible to the extent they are incurred in producing or gaining assessable income. For taxable income calculations, expenses that are to be deducted involves royalties, management fees, interest confirming to commercial standards. Offsets might relates to tax losses. Such losses may be utilized and carried forward to offset future assessable income. Offsetting capital losses would generate assessable income including net capital gains. Income tax are the principal taxes levied in Australia and this include tax on capital gain. Taxable income of any form of operations is subject to income tax rate of company. The foreign income tax offset rules allows taxpayers to claim a tax offset. Under the alternative arrangement, the income for Australian tax purpose exceeds the income for Australian tax purpose under the actual agreement (de Cogan, 2015). Reference: Brown, K. B. (2017). Taxation and Development-A Comparative Study. Dabner, J. H. (2015). The Australian tax office/tax profession partnership: Lessons from a pilot interview program. de Cogan, D. (2015). A changing role for the administrative law of taxation.Social Legal Studies,24(2), 251-270. Dixon, B. (2016). Land transactions and the new Australian foreign investment regime.Australian Property Law Journal,25(1), 55-68. Krever, R., Teoh, J. (2017). GST and Insurance: Australia. InVAT and Financial Services(pp. 319-335). Springer Singapore. Miller, A., Oats, L. (2016).Principles of international taxation. Bloomsbury Publishing. Morgan, A., Mortimer, C., Pinto, D. (2016). A practical introduction to Australian taxation law 2016. Provision of general purpose financial statements by significant global entities. Ato.gov.au. (2017).Retrieved 19 March 2017, from https://www.ato.gov.au/general/consultation/what-we-are-consulting-about/papers-for-comment/provision-of-general-purpose-financial-statements-by-significant-global-entities/